GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) are both incretin hormones released after eating. GLP-1 receptors are found in the pancreas, brain, stomach, and cardiovascular system. Activation reduces appetite, slows gastric emptying, enhances insulin secretion, and suppresses glucagon. GIP receptors are primarily in pancreatic beta cells and adipose tissue. GIP enhances insulin secretion and may improve lipid metabolism. Tirzepatide is unique as a dual GLP-1/GIP agonist, potentially offering enhanced weight loss through improved insulin sensitivity and direct effects on fat tissue. Single GLP-1 agonists like semaglutide don't activate GIP receptors.
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