What are the rare but serious side effects of GLP-1 medications I should know about?

Beyond the more common GI side effects, several rare but serious complications have been reported with GLP-1 medications. These include acute kidney injury (often secondary to severe dehydration from vomiting or diarrhea), gastroparesis (severe delayed stomach emptying that can become chronic), bowel obstruction or ileus (intestinal paralysis), and worsening of diabetic retinopathy in patients with pre-existing eye disease.

Acute kidney injury typically occurs in the context of severe GI side effects causing dehydration. Warning signs include decreased urine output, swelling, fatigue, and confusion. Gastroparesis can cause severe nausea, vomiting, bloating, and inability to eat normally. Bowel obstruction presents with severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and inability to pass gas or stool. If you experience any of these symptoms, seek immediate medical attention. Your healthcare provider may recommend discontinuing the GLP-1 medication if serious complications develop.